From STEM to STEAM? Exploring the connections between Arts and Sciences

This study explores the interconnections between Arts and Sciences. It uses two different analytical approaches: first, it explores the Arts-Sciences connections by analysing the disciplinary assignment of journals in the WoS database; second, it investigates knowledge flows between Arts and Sciences at two levels of aggregation (scientific fields and disciplines) in 2000-2021. The results suggest a growing, albeit small trend towards Arts-Sciences interdisciplinarity and demonstrate that Art and Sciences increasingly rely on each other in the process of new knowledge creation. The analysis also reveals a number of specific reciprocal links between particular Arts and Sciences disciplines (e.g. between Music and Medical Sciences or Visual Arts and Engineering & Technology).


Introduction
There is a vast scientometric research on interdisciplinarity and knowledge flows between disciplines (e.g., Yan et al. 2013;Yergos-Yergos et al. 2015). While some studies have analysed the relationship between social sciences and humanities (SSH) and natural or hard sciences (e.g., Nishikawa 2023), very few have focused uniquely on the Arts subdiscipline and its convergence with the scientific fields (Santi et al. 2021).
Meanwhile, studying the patterns of knowledge dissemination between the field of Arts and different fields of science is relevant and should receive more scholarly attention, given the upsurge of interest in the integration of science and technology with the arts (Santi et al. 2021). The shift "from STEM to STEAM "i.e. the inclusion of art (music, visual arts, and drama) within the STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) fieldshas been identified by researchers who emphasized the need for more interdisciplinary and humancentred models in industry, business, and science education (e.g. Boy 2013; Stewart et al. 2019;Videla et al. 2021). Scholars have demonstrated that art helps science students become more creative, motivated and self-confident (Conradty & Bogner 2019;Pfeiffer et al. 2017), improves their learning abilities, problem-solving skills, analytical thinking, and many more (Bicer et al. 2017;Sousa & Pilecki 2013). At the same time, the existing research focuses almost exclusively on the instrumental use of art-making and we still know very little about the citation and knowledge flow between art and science: that is, if and how knowledge produced within the Arts field is used by science scholars, and vice versa.
In this study we set out to explore the relationship between arts and science by analysing if and to what degree the field of Art and other science fields are interconnected. We study the integration of Arts and Sciences by analysing the disciplinary coverage of journals in the WoS database. We also examine the citation flow between Arts and science fields to see how they rely on each another in the process of new knowledge creation.

Data source and selection of documents
We used the CWTS in-house version of the Web of Science (WoS). We selected all publications in the period 2000-2021 in three editions of the database: Arts and Humanities, Sciences and Social Sciences.

Fields of science covered in the study
In order to study the relationship between Arts and other fields of science, we consider two levels of thematic aggregations: (1) Fields of science, which we classify using the OECD's Fields of Science and Technology (FOS) classification, and (2) Scientific disciplines, which we select using WoS Subject Categories (WoS SCs). We use the existing mapping between WoS Subject Categories (WoS SCs) and the FOS classification 1 to consider specific disciplines within these broad fields.
We analyse the relationship between Arts and four broad areas in the FOS classification: 1) Natural Sciences; 2) Engineering and Technology; 3) Medical and Health Sciences; 4) Agricultural Sciences; 5) Social Sciences. As neither WoS nor FOS has a separate "Arts" field/category, we developed this category by selecting a number of WoS SCs (Table 1). We further classified the selected SCs (disciplines) as "only"-or "partial" Arts (Table 1). This binary classification was applied to distinguish between the "purely" artistic disciplines (such as visual and performing arts) and disciplines related to Arts but also associated with other fields (such as Literature or Medieval & Renaissance Studies associated with the general Humanities). The selection of Arts disciplines and the binary classification was determined by the Authors. Note that most of the disciplines we considered only or partially related to Arts, are classified in the FOS classification within the Humanities, with the exception of Asian Studies and Cultural Studies, which are classified under the Social Sciences. In our study, all these selected disciplines (Table 1) are only considered in the "Arts" category we designed, and not in FOS Humanities or Social Scienes.

Exploring the interconnections between Arts and other fields of science
We explore the relationship between Arts and other fields of science from two different perspectives. First, we study the integration of Arts with other fields by analysing the disciplinary coverage of journals. WoS assigns to each journal one or several SCs. These SCs are intended to describe the disciplinary scope of the research published in a given journal. As journals often publish research across a variety of disciplines, WoS often assigns more than one SC to a given journal. The assignment of a SC to a journal is done according to several criteria: the subject matter and scope of the journal; the affiliations of the editorial board and authors; funding bodies supporting the research; direct citation relations (citing/cited); journals' sponsors as well as how the journal has been categorized in other databases 2 .
To study the integration of Arts with other fields, we identify and analyse journals covered in the WoS database and assigned simultaneously to Arts (as defined in Table 1) as well as to one or more non-Arts SCs.
Second, we examine the knowledge flow (following the definition introduced by Yan et al. 2013) between Arts and science fields and disciplines. In WoS, all the articles included in the database inherit the SCs of the journals where they were published. We look at the articles cited in the reference list of scientific publications to analyse how Arts and science fields and disciplines rely on each other in the process of new knowledge production.

Disciplinary coverage of Arts-Sciences journals
We found 1,111 journals in WoS assigned to Arts-related WoS SC (Table 1) during the period 2000-2021. Out of all these journals, there are 84 Arts-Sciences journalsthat is, journals assigned to Arts disciplines and at least one other science-related WoS SC. Table 2. shows how many journals assigned in WoS to "only" and "partial" Arts are also assigned to scientific disciplines. Here we can observe that disciplines considered as "only" Arts (e.g. music, performing and visual arts) are much more frequently combined with distant cognitive areas such as Engineering and Technology, Medical and Health Sciences and Natural Sciences as compared to more humanities-related, "partial" Arts (e.g. literature, cultural studies, etc.). This suggests that, while Arts are typically classified as a subdiscipline of the Humanities, they seem to have more connections with the sciences-related areas that other disciplines in the Humanities. However, the absolute number of journals spanning distant cognitive areas is rather small as compared to the number of journals linked to the more proximal area of Social Sciences, both for disciplines considered as only and partial arts. Both rows and columns in Table 2 contain some duplicate journals. For instance the journal Rhetoric Society Quarterly is assigned to Arts (WoS SC = Literature) and Social Sciences (WoS SC = Communications). Likewise, given the assignment of WoS SCs some journals are considered to be both "only" and "partial" Arts, such as Plainsong & Medieval Music which is assigned to: Medieval & Renaissance Studies (partial Arts) and Music (only Arts).  shows that the number and percentage of Arts-Sciences journals has increased over time. This is particularly (and unsurprisingly) the case of Arts -Social Sciences journals which constitute the vast majority of Arts-Sciences journals. The increase can be noticed especially during the period 2007-2009, which was probably due to an increase of the coverage of regional journals in WoS. The number of journals assigned to Arts and other science fields have also increased over time (e.g. the number of Arts -Natural Sciences journals have doubled and Arts -Engineering and Technology have tripled); however, there are still only a few journals that combine those fields (6 in Arts -Engineering and Technology; 2 in Arts -Medical and Health Sciences and 8 in Arts -Natural Sciences).

Knowledge flow from Sciences to Arts
Next, we focus on the knowledge flow from science fields to Arts. In other words, we analyse which science fields are the most prominent sources of knowledge for the Arts scholars. We do this by analysing the citation flows between publications in Arts and science fields. By obtaining the number and percentage of citations from Arts publications to publications in other fields, we observe that Social Sciences (35.8%) represent the main source of knowledge. Natural Sciences (14.1%) and Medical and Health Sciences (11.8%) represent relatively important areas, while we find that Arts researchers tend to rely less often on Engineering and Technology (7.3%) and even less on Agricultural Sciences (0.9%). The analysis covers the period 2000-2021.  We also analysed the knowledge flow from Sciences to Arts from a more granular perspective that is, looking at specific disciplines instead of broad science fields. Figure 3

Knowledge flow from Arts to Sciences
We also take the opposite approach to examine how often scholars in the science fields rely on knowledge generated in Arts. At this level of aggregation we observe that, while in absolute numbers most of the fields cite Arts publications more than one hundred times, in relative terms these numbers are basically negligible (Table 4). These small numbers are most likely caused by both the relative big size of these areas (i.e. the high number of articles in the database in these areas) and also due to the "citation density" as defined by Garfield, that is, the "average number of references cited per source article" (Garfield, 2007). Figure 5, which shows the number and percentage of citations from science fields to Arts, demonstrates a positive trend. To explore the knowledge flow from Arts to Sciences from a granular (discipline-focused) perspective, we analysed knowledge flow from Arts to Medical and Health Sciences disciplines ( Figure 6) as well as Engineering and Technology disciplines (Figure 7). Figure 6 shows again that the Arts (

Discussion and conclusions
This paper examined the interconnections between Arts and Sciences from two perspectives: first, we explored the Arts-Sciences integration by analysing multidisciplinary journals in the WoS database; second, we investigated the two-way knowledge flow between Arts and science fields and disciplines.
We found that there has been a growing trend towards Arts-Sciences interdisciplinarity but the integration between Arts with more STEM-related fields (Engineering and Technology; Medical and Health Sciences; Natural Sciences) is still quite low. At the same time, the analysis of knowledge flow suggests that Art and Sciences has increasingly relied on each other in the process of new knowledge creation.
The analysis of data at the higher level of thematic aggregation (fields of science) suggests that Art relies on the scientific fields (such as Natural Sciences or Medical & Health Sciences) to a much higher degree than vice versa; however, this result might be influenced by the significant differences between Arts and Sciences in terms of field size (i.e. Arts is much smaller than any of the science fields) and citation density (e.g. art scholars cite, on average, much less papers than natural science scholars; see Ioannidis et al., 2019). The analysis of data at the lower level (disciplines) reveals a number of strong reciprocal links between particular Arts and Sciences disciplines. It demonstrates that scientific disciplines most highly cited by arts scholars are also those that most strongly rely on the knowledge from Arts.