@conference {
    orvium-64b5a25230daf58ded277423,
    title = "Normalization of rare citation events in the context of uptake of research in the non-scientific literature",
    abstract = "The citation uptake of research papers in the non-scientific literature is often sparse. It is thus frequently reported as a proportion of cited papers instead of as an average of the papers’ citation counts. Citation-based indicators are commonly normalized by dividing a paper’s citation count (or binary score; 0 = not cited, 1 = cited) by the world average (or proportion) in the corresponding year, field and document type. Such ratio-based method can generate outliers when dealing with the binary scores. At low aggregation levels, these outliers can produce unreliable results. Here, a ratio-based method is compared to one in which the world’s proportion is subtracted from the papers’ scores using a set of universities as units of analysis. This difference-based method has two main advantages: interpretation of results is more transparent/straightforward, and outliers are less problematic, leading to narrower confidence intervals.",
    keywords = "bibliometrics, normalization, altmetrics, altmetrics, Mean-based Normalized Proportion Cited (MNPC)",
    author = "Henrique Pinheiro and Etienne Vignola-Gagné and David Campbell",
    year = "2023",
    language = "English",
    url = "https://dapp.orvium.io/deposits/64b5a25230daf58ded277423/view",
}