"Repensar la teología en un mundo secularizado: Spinoza y el pensamiento teológico de Barth, Tillich y Bonhoeffer"

This study explores the theological perspectives of Karl Barth, Paul Tillich, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, focusing on their conceptions of God, revelation, ethics, and the relationship between reason and faith, through a hermeneutical and contextual lens. In contrast to these Protestant theologians, Baruch Spinoza rejects both transcendence and special revelation, advocating instead for a rational theology grounded in reason and pantheism (Deus sive Natura). While Barth, Tillich, and Bonhoeffer offer critical reinterpretations of traditional dogma, they retain nuanced notions of transcendence and divine revelation. The analysis reveals significant points of convergence, particularly in their shared critique of institutionalized religion and their emphasis on ethical responsibility. However, fundamental divergences remain regarding the nature of the sacred. Employing a qualitative, documentary methodology with comparative and hermeneutical analysis, the study concludes that a dialogue between Spinozism and Protestant theology is not only possible but also intellectually fruitful—especially for reimagining forms of spirituality in secularized and pluralistic contexts.