In Christian theology, the will of God is understood in three aspects: decretive, prescriptive, and permissive. The decretive will is God’s sovereign and unchangeable plan that governs all that occurs. The prescriptive will reflects the moral commandments God reveals in Scripture—commands that human beings may either obey or disobey. The permissive will allows evil and suffering to occur, yet never outside divine control. Christians seek to discern and follow God’s will through prayer, biblical study, and a life of obedience to His perfect plan.

In many cultures, turning 40 is often associated with a loss of value, the beginning of physical or emotional decline, and an inevitable resignation to the passage of time. This article addresses that cultural perception from a biblical-theological perspective, challenging the myths that reduce the second half of life to a purposeless crisis. Instead, it presents an approach centered on God's sovereignty over every stage of existence. The goal is to break those stereotypes, showing that life after 40 brings renewed opportunities for service, wisdom, and spiritual growth. Believers are exhorted to rediscover their gifts, reevaluate their calling, and embrace an eternal perspective on life. The methodology used includes exegetical, hermeneutical, and pastoral analysis of key biblical texts, along with a theological review of time, maturity, and Christian hope. As a result, the article identifies principles that affirm the spiritual value of this stage of life, promoting an attitude of hope, purpose, and renewal. The most relevant conclusion is that, in Christ, the second half of life is not a closing chapter but a platform for bearing deeper fruit and joyfully looking toward eternity.

Fellowship constitutes a foundational pillar in Christian communal life, with deep biblical roots that go beyond the merely social to become an expression of brotherly love and solidarity. This article seeks to explore the concept of compañerismo as presented in Scripture from the Old to the New Testament and to propose its application in contemporary pastoral psychology. Through a qualitative analysis of biblical texts and theological-pastoral reflections, the study examines paradigmatic examples of mutual support, loyalty, and spiritual care. The findings show that biblical compañerismo fosters resilience, community cohesion, and spiritual growth, offering an ethical-relational model applicable today. The most significant conclusion is that compañerismo, understood as an active practice grounded in biblical principles, strengthens both Christian identity and the emotional well-being of faith communities.

Despair is a recurring human experience in the Bible, often linked to suffering, injustice, and the apparent absence of God. Rather than being denied, it is portrayed as an integral part of biblical faith. This article explores despair through an eschatological lens, revealing its interplay with hope in the coming Kingdom of God. Using a theological-exegetical analysis of key Old and New Testament texts—including Job, the Psalms, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, the Gospels, Pauline epistles, and Revelation—the study examines how existential crisis coexists with trust in divine faithfulness. Findings show that despair is not an endpoint but a space for honest confrontation with God, ultimately pointing toward future redemption. The most significant conclusion is that, across both Testaments, despair is eschatologically transformed: fully acknowledged yet transcended through the promise of justice, restoration, and new creation in Christ.

Human perception of reality is influenced by the attitude with which one faces life. The phrase "The sun burns with the same light with which it illuminates. The sun has spots. The grateful see the light. The ungrateful see the spots." reflects how gratitude or ingratitude determine the way people interpret their environment. This article aims to analyze this expression from an exegetical, hermeneutical, ontological, epistemological, eschatological, and psychological approach, relating it to biblical principles. A qualitative approach was used based on textual analysis and comparison with Scripture and psychological studies on perception and gratitude. The results show that gratitude fosters a hopeful view of life, while ingratitude limits the perception of good. It is concluded that the choice to focus on the light or on the spots determines a person's spiritual and emotional well-being, aligning with biblical teachings on faith and gratitude.

This study explores the theological perspectives of Karl Barth, Paul Tillich, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, focusing on their conceptions of God, revelation, ethics, and the relationship between reason and faith, through a hermeneutical and contextual lens. In contrast to these Protestant theologians, Baruch Spinoza rejects both transcendence and special revelation, advocating instead for a rational theology grounded in reason and pantheism (Deus sive Natura). While Barth, Tillich, and Bonhoeffer offer critical reinterpretations of traditional dogma, they retain nuanced notions of transcendence and divine revelation. The analysis reveals significant points of convergence, particularly in their shared critique of institutionalized religion and their emphasis on ethical responsibility. However, fundamental divergences remain regarding the nature of the sacred. Employing a qualitative, documentary methodology with comparative and hermeneutical analysis, the study concludes that a dialogue between Spinozism and Protestant theology is not only possible but also intellectually fruitful—especially for reimagining forms of spirituality in secularized and pluralistic contexts.

La voluntad de Dios, en la teología cristiana, se comprende en tres aspectos: decretiva, prescriptiva y permisiva. La voluntad decretiva es el plan soberano e inmutable de Dios que gobierna todo lo que sucede. La voluntad prescriptiva refleja los mandamientos morales que Dios revela en las Escrituras, los cuales los seres humanos pueden obedecer o desobedecer. La voluntad permisiva permite que ocurran el mal y el sufrimiento, pero sin estar fuera del control divino. Los cristianos buscan discernir y seguir la voluntad de Dios a través de la oración, el estudio bíblico y una vida de obediencia a Su plan perfecto.

In Christian faith, forgiveness is neither a psychological strategy nor an isolated moral duty, but a profound theological reality that reveals God’s very nature and shapes the church’s identity. This article explores the power of forgiveness through eight interrelated dimensions: exegetical (analyzing key texts such as Matthew 6, Luke 15, and Ephesians 4), hermeneutical (from a Reformed evangelical perspective), ontological (as a relational reconfiguration of the imago Dei), epistemological (known through revelation, faith, and community), eschatological (as an anticipation of the Kingdom and cosmic reconciliation), psychological (integrating clinical insights without reductionism), liturgical (expressed in prayer, baptism, the Lord’s Supper, and discipline), and ecclesiological (as constitutive of the church’s unity and mission). The study rejects both secularized approaches that trivialize forgiveness and religious legalisms that impose it without justice or healing. Instead, it proposes a biblically grounded vision: forgiveness is a gift received in Christ and shared as a testimony to the Kingdom. It does not deny the gravity of sin or the pain of trauma, but affirms that grace is stronger than brokenness. In a world marked by division and vengeance, the church is called to be a community where mutual forgiveness is lived not as an abstract ideal, but as participation in the triune life of God. Thus, forgiveness becomes the heart of the church’s witness and a tangible foretaste of the new creation.

A lo largo de la historia de la educación, las estrategias didácticas han evolucionado significativamente, reflejando cambios sociales, culturales y tecnológicos. Desde las civilizaciones antiguas, donde predominaban la oralidad y la memorización, hasta la era digital contemporánea, los enfoques pedagógicos han ido adaptándose a las necesidades de cada época. En la Edad Media y el Renacimiento, se produjo una transición hacia el uso de textos escritos, mientras que en los siglos XVII y XVIII surgió la didáctica como disciplina formal. El siglo XIX trajo consigo una expansión de teorías pedagógicas impulsadas por la industrialización. En el siglo XXI, las tecnologías digitales han revolucionado las metodologías educativas, permitiendo un aprendizaje más flexible y personalizado. En resumen, la evolución de las estrategias didácticas ha estado marcada por un cambio hacia un enfoque centrado en el alumno, adaptando la enseñanza a sus necesidades individuales.

The number 123, apparently simple, reveals deep conceptual, cultural, and educational layers when analyzed from an interdisciplinary perspective. This monograph explores its mathematical structure, its role in early numeracy development, its technological and linguistic symbolism, and its mystical interpretations in numerology and esoteric traditions. Supported by recent scientific literature from peer-reviewed journals indexed in Scopus, Scielo, and Web of Science, the study demonstrates that 123 functions as more than a numerical sequence: it is a symbolic artifact with pedagogical, cognitive, and cultural relevance. The work contributes to educational innovation by proposing the use of everyday numerical objects to promote critical thinking and meaningful learning.